Government’s freshwater regulations

One of the reasons you may be reviewing your fertiliser use is because of the Government’s 190kg N/ha cap on synthetic nitrogen fertiliser.

Central Government's new freshwater regulations came into force on September 3, 2020. Regional councils are charged with implementing and monitoring the rules. The details on how they plan to do that will become clearer as they work their way through the changes. For more detailed information on all aspects of the regulation click here.

• What are the rules on synthetic nitrogen fertiliser use?

  The amount of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser applied to land in pastoral land use will be capped at 190kgN/ha/year from 1 July 2021.

  • There are two limits (both of 190 kg N/ha/year):
  • a. An absolute limit per hectare on pastoral land (i.e. grazed land) not used to grow annual forage crops (i.e. pasture/grass)
  • b. An averaged limit across pastoral land on the farm 
  • It is possible to put more than 190kg N/ha/year on forage crops but only if offset by applying lower amounts on pasture.

  Pastoral land use means theuse of land for the grazing of livestock. It doesn't include the grazing on the stubble of a crop that has been harvested after arable land use.

  The nitrogen cap applies to a ‘contiguous land holding’. This is ‘one or more parcels of land within a farm’. So, if there is a support block contiguous (joined) with the milking platform, it is all subject to the same N-cap. If the support block is separate, both blocks must independently meet the N-cap.

  Recording and reporting: All dairy farmers will need to record the tonnages of all synthetic nitrogen fertiliser applied on farm and the area it was applied to. Farmers will then have to report to their regional council on the amount used each year. More detail on what and how farmers must report this information will become available from regional councils.

  Farmers that exceed the N cap will need to apply for a resource consent.  Two options are available:

  • Consent for a non-complying activity requiring a synthetic N reduction planthat demonstrates how the farm will reduce their use of synthetic N each year so that from the 1 July 2023 their application does not exceed 190kg N/ha/year.
  • Consent for a non-complying activity requiring the farm to ensure that the rate at which N may enter water as a result of their application of synthetic N fertiliser does not exceed the rate that would enter water if 190kg N/ha/year was applied. This will be granted for a maximum term of 5 years.

  Regional Councils are still working on the details on how this will be implemented at a regional level. For more detailed information on the cap on synthetic nitrogen fertiliser use as well as the other aspects of the regulation see the National Freshwater Regulations page.

  • 

    Nitrogen Cap Decision Tree

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What do I need to do now?

1. Understand the new regulations and how they would apply to your farm. Discuss with your trusted advisor or your regional DairyNZ Environmental Change Specialist.
2. Know how much synthetic N fertiliser was applied last year over each hectare or paddock of the farm as well as on average over the whole effective pastoral area. It is important to accurately identify the size of the reduction required.
3. Have good systems in place for recording the tonnages of all synthetic N fertiliser applied on farm and the area it was applied to for reporting to the regional council. When using a mix of products ensure all sources of synthetic N are accounted for and the application rates.
4. Review your current N use strategy to identify potential areas to improve N use efficiency.
   • How much N fertiliser was applied and when? Was the N fertiliser applied to the paddocks/areas of the farm targeted? If using contractors check the application tracking data. Some farmers have reported significant discrepancies between planned and actual N use.
   • How much N fertiliser was applied on the effluent and non-effluent areas?
   • How many applications, how often and at what rate (kg N/ha/application)?
   • What type of N fertiliser was used?
   • Has the N boosted grass been used to fill a genuine feed deficit?
5. Create a plan to meet the 190 kg N/ha cap. If you are currently using more than 190 kg N/ha of synthetic fertiliser over any area of the farm you need to take some actions now to comply with the new requirements. If a significant reduction is required (>50 kg N/ha), targeting half of the required reduction now (2020/21 season) and the other half next season can help ease into the new system with less N fertiliser used. If you will be exceeding the cap from July 2021 you can apply for a resource consent and two options are available for doing so (as described above).

Strategies to reduce N fertiliser use successfully

The following recommendations are based on experiences from Canterbury farmers who have reduced N fertiliser successfully and without compromising pasture harvested or profit. The farmers have been involved with the Forages for Reduced Nitrate Leaching research programme and the Hinds and Selwyn Project. Many of these strategies are supported directly by science and some are based mainly on farmer experience.

• Managing the transition period to lower N fertiliser use

  Successful transition requires planning and time. It is best to do it gradually, rather than in one big step (especially if the reduction is bigger than 50-60 kg N/ha/yr). Several farmers have reduced N fertiliser successfully from +300 kg N/ha/yr to 200 -230 kg N/ha/yr but over a 3-year period. It is important that clover has time to re-establish and the additional N fixed (from increased clover growth) is available to the grass, to compensate for the lower N from fertiliser. Time is also required to ensure management systems are in place to accommodate the changes. If you are using more than 190 kg N/ha/yr you need to act now to minimise any impacts on your system, while complying with regulation.

• Moving to lower application rates

  Moving to lower application rates of no more than 40 kg N/ha in early spring and then to 0.8 kg N/ha per day of round length. N applications of 40kg N/ha are most beneficial when filling a genuine feed deficit (e.g. early spring). Mixing with other nutrients can reduce the N rate applied if other nutrients are needed. e.g. mix with Potash, DAP, Sulphate of Ammonia. Costs do increase, however there are advantages to applying nutrients like potassium and sulphate Sulphur in small amounts where there is a risk of these nutrients being lost from the root zone from rain causing drainage.

• Increasing the round length

  Increasing the round length to ensure grazing at 2½ to 3 leaf stage to grow more grass compared to grazing at 2 leaf or shorter where yield is significantly compromised. In Canterbury this is between 22- 24 days during the spring/summer period (generally from October-February).  Where the farm traditionally has been following the cows with N, increasing round length will reduce the total number of grazings per year and ‘automatically’ will reduce the number of N applications.  A longer round length will also reduce the N content in pasture and therefore reduce urinary N excretion.

• Not applying N in January/February

  Not applying N in January/February when soil mineralisation rates are high, and clover is fixing N. Mineral N is available and N is not likely to be the limiting factor for growth. To gain confidence and to check what is limiting pasture growth take herbage samples. One farmer reports pastures looking N deficient, however herbage analysis showed K was deficient, not N.

  Graph 1: (Pastoral21 Lincoln Farmlet trial N Use)

  

  Red bars: monthly application rates low N system (156 kg N/ha/yr)
  
  Green bars: monthly application rates high N system (304 kg N/ha/yr)
  
  Dotted line: apparent N response (extra kg N applied/extra kg DM grown)

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  More detailed advice on reducing N applications over summer is available which draws on Canterbury research.

   

• Optimising conditions for clover growth

  Optimising conditions for clover growth, ensuring good soil fertility (pH, P, K and Mo) and grazing management to avoid continuous shading of clover. Plan also for good clover establishment when renewing pastures. Clover will fix N and compensate to some extent the lower N from fertiliser. See Alternative pasture species.

• Skipping a few paddocks from routine applications

  Skipping a few paddocks from routine applications when pasture growth rates are high and silage making is not wanted/needed. A weekly farm walk and constructing a feed wedge will help with these decisions.

• Having a monthly N fertiliser plan and monitoring it

  Farmers have reported being surprised at the amount of N used at year end where they have not planned and monitored.  Some ways some of the farmers are managing N to a set budget are:

  • Monthly N applications. Do one round of N fertiliser for the month, often applying the months’ N allocation over a three weeks period.
  • Apply monthly applications to half the farm on e.g. the 5^th of the month and the balance of the farm 15 days later, on the 20^th of the month. See the approach Mick and Kirsten O’Connor took
  • Monthly reporting on N use by paddock as provided by software companies used for ordering/recording fertiliser or provided by the fertiliser company

  For considerations on the impact on N use efficiency of the timing of application within the grazing cycle click here.

• Applying less N fertiliser on effluent areas

  Applying less N fertiliser on effluent areas, targeting times when effluent N is sufficient. If effluent areas are consistently getting effluent, they may only need N fertiliser in early spring and possibly autumn. The N content of effluent can be variable, therefore testing may be required. Applying different amounts of N fertiliser on the effluent area may not be practical where only parts of the paddock get effluent or effluent is not spread on the paddock often. See Mick and Kirsten O’Connor’s N fertiliser plan.

• Avoiding areas of higher fertility

  Avoiding areas of higher fertility within paddocks (e.g. first 20-30 meters into a paddock, area around the trough, stock camps) and areas of the farm likely to have low response to N, e.g. dry areas, poorer species. Identify “no go areas” on the spreading map.

• Addressing other factors that may be limiting pasture growth

  Addressing other factors that may be limiting pasture growth such as, soil fertility, pH, weeds, irrigation, pasture species, drainage etc. Paddock scale soil tests (P, K, S and pH) have been successfully used by several farmers for a more targeted approach to soil nutrients and requirements.

• Pasture walks and "feeding the wedge"

  Pasture walks and "feeding the wedge" i.e. only applying N if a genuine feed deficit is forecasted. Especially hold back in late autumn when pasture response can be slow and N loss risk is high due to drainage from autumn/winter rain. Any application of N needs to ensure that the extra pasture grown is not lost through increasing residuals or topping i.e. either the cows need to harvest the pasture, or it is made into silage. See Feed wedges and rotation planners.

• Coated urea

  Coated urea (N-Protect, SustaiN) reduces volatilisation (the conversion of N in urea to ammonia gas, lost to the air).  When using coated urea and conditions for volatilization are present (hot, dry and windy or moist soils in cooler situations) N applied can be reduced by 10% to grow the same amount of pasture than when applying uncoated urea.

• Gibberellic acid (GA)

  Gibberellic acid (GA) is a growth hormone found in plants that promotes stem elongation and tiller size but is not a substitute for N fertiliser. When applied with N fertiliser good responses can be expected in early spring and autumn. Many farmers are using GA with N fertiliser specially in the autumn as a way of achieving a higher response to the N fertiliser applied. See Gibberellic Acid.

• Fertigation

  Fertigation (injection of fertiliser into an irrigation system) and urea applied as a liquid can be used to reduce rates and get even distribution of the N. Fertigation trials have not shown a higher response rate to applying N in a liquid form compared to N in a solid form (i.e. the form of N does not affect the pasture response). However, if it allows lower application rates and more precise management at an acceptable return on capital, it is a tool that can be used well on farms that are suited to the set up.

  Using weather forecasting well to avoid applying N fertiliser before a significant rain/drainage event to avoid any direct losses of N fertiliser.  

Farmers' lessons of what to avoid

• Inadequate and/or inaccurate monitoring and recording of N fertiliser applications leading to higher N used than expected at the end of the season.
• Routinely following each grazing with N fertiliser and not responding to a genuine feed deficit. This can be particularly wasteful if on fast grazing rounds.
• Needing N fertiliser to meet a feed deficit generated by following fast grazing rounds. When grazing on fast rounds (< 21 days) pasture is grazed before the 2½ leaf stage (compared to a longer grazing round and grazing at between 2½ and 3 leaf stage) missing out on the period of highest accumulation of growth. This will result in a lower response rate to N fertiliser.
• Using high N fertiliser rates each time that cannot be fully used by plants increasing the risk of the surplus N being lost from the root zone.
• Inadequate pasture monitoring and recording to inform decision making
• The extra N boosted grass grown is poorly utilised,g. increase in residuals or excessive pre-graze mowing or topping.  
• Harvesting more silage than required due to too high N applications in the previous six weeks.

Nitrogen use, pasture harvested and profit

Lower N fertiliser use is likely to reduce pasture growth, however pasture management and utilisation can minimise the impact on pasture harvested, milk production and profit. For the same amount of N fertiliser used there are several factors that will influence how much pasture is grown and harvested. Understanding these principles is key to making changes to your farm system that maintain or improve profit. For details on factors affecting N use efficiency, click here.

Dairybase data suggest a poor correlation between N fertiliser applied and profit, with some farmers making higher profits at low N use than others using higher amounts of N (see graph below). This highlights the potential opportunity to farm with less N fertiliser and maintain/increase profit.

2018-19 N applied and Operating Profit for Canterbury Owner Operators (DairyBase)

Lower N fertiliser use is likely to reduce pasture growth, however how pasture is managed and utilised can minimise the impact on milk production and profit.

N fertiliser use and profit

For the same amount of N fertiliser used there are several factors that will influence how much pasture is grown and harvested. Further details on these factors are available here.

Similarly, how pasture harvested will translate into profit will depend on several factors including:

• How efficient pasture and supplement used are converted to milk production.
• Proportion of feed going into maintenance and milk production
• Cost of nitrogen, feed and overall operating expenses
• Milk price