Giant buttercup

Giant buttercup is unpalatable to dairy cows and poses a serious threat to dairy pastures.

One of 14 weedy Ranunculus species occurring in New Zealand, giant buttercup is unpalatable to dairy cows due to its production of the toxin protoanemonin. As a result of its unpalatability, it spreads through dairy pasture, reducing pasture quality and dry matter yield.

It reproduces from seeds, rhizomes and from flower stems that can root at the nodes and form a new plant. The seeds are dispersed by flood water, soil movement, animals and in hay and germinate in pasture gaps caused by pugging.

On a modelled dairy farm with giant buttercup in most paddocks and an overall average peak ground cover (in November) of 12%, the weed reduced the farm’s profit by 36% (from $2870 to $1830/ha).

What does it look like?

Giant buttercup has a deeply dissected leaf varying in size from a few centimetres to greater than an outstretched hand.

It is readily distinguished from all other weedy buttercup species by its leaves, its tall stature, and the usual presence of stout rhizomes just under the soil surface.

Affected areas

All dairy farming land in New Zealand is climatically optimal for giant buttercup and therefore threatened but areas known to be affected are:

North Island:
South Auckland, Hawkes Bay, Taranaki, South Wairarapa, Horowhenua.
South Island:
Golden Bay, West Coast, Southland.

Controlling giant buttercup

New Decision Support tool

To aid decision making in the choice of herbicide to control giant buttercup, AgResearch has developed a web-based application for dairy farmers and consultants.

The on-farm experiment conducted under the sustainable Farming Fund project 'Control of Giant Buttercup' (July 2014 – June 2017) provided several insights into the control of the weed:

Soil drainage
Dairy farmers find that giant buttercup is more difficult to control in paddocks with poor drainage. The experiment showed that this is not due to any direct effect of soil wetness on the efficacies of the herbicides or mowing tactics that may be used. Rather, it is probably due to the weed being promoted by the tread damage (pugging) associated with poor drainage through enhanced seedling recruitment and vegetative spread.

Pasture growth promoters
Gibberellic acid and nitrogenous fertilisers can promote the growth of pasture plants and have been observed by some dairy farmers to improve the control of giant buttercup when applied along with herbicides. No evidence was found to support this idea.

Biological herbicide
The common fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a natural enemy of giant buttercup. It can cause a disease that kills the buttercup plant including its rhizomes without any damage to pasture grasses and clovers. The formulations tested in the experiment unfortunately proved ineffective.

Synthetic herbicides
Many farmers find that giant buttercup is not well controlled by herbicides. There are seven herbicide active ingredients registered in New Zealand for controlling giant buttercup in pasture (table below). They fall into four different mode-of-action (MOA) groups and some are damaging to clovers. Repeated use of a single MOA is likely to result in resistance to that MOA and this possibly explains many of the poor results from farmers’ herbicide applications.

Herbicide	Mode-of-action group	Clover damage?	Evolved resistance cases
Aminopyralid	O3	Yes	No
Aminopyralid + triclopyr	O3	Yes	No
Bentazone + MCPB	C3/O1	No	No
MCPA	O1	Yes	Yes
MCPB	O1	No	Yes
Thifensulfuron-methyl	B	Yes	No
Flumetsulam	B	No	Yes

For product names of pasture herbicides with activity against giant buttercup click here.

Responses to synthetic herbicides and pre-graze mowing

Responses of giant buttercup to a single October application the herbicides differed between paddocks. Responses also varied between herbicides (see graphs)
Aminopyralid and aminopyralid+triclopyr gave large and durable reductions up to at least 31 months. Flumetsulam and thifensulfuron-methyl had a short-term effect only. MCPA, MCPB and MCPB+bentazone gave more durable reductions than flumetsulam or thifensulfuron
Pre-graze mowing alone (at 50% of grazing events) reduced the giant buttercup. Mown buttercup loses its toxicity and is eaten by cows
Pre-graze mowing in combination with an herbicide application adds to the herbicide effect.
The mowing effect increases with mowing frequency
All herbicides resulted in a 1:1 replacement of giant buttercup by grasses and clovers. This along the buttercup’s non-palatability means that pasture production benefits proportional to its paddock cover can be expected from a control programme

Optimising mowing

A new field experiment (SFF project “Giant Buttercup Management Decision Support”, July 2017 - June 2020), is quantifying the effects of timing (pre- or post-graze) and frequency of mowing on the cover of giant buttercup and on pasture dry matter yield. Its results will help inform the Decision Support system being developed by this project.