No farmer wants their animals being harmed, and this includes tail injuries. Tail damage is painful for cows and should be avoided at all costs. The tail tells a story. What are the ones on your farm saying?

Cows remember things just like we do- just like one friendly pat at the shed can lead to a season of pats, one painful moment can create ongoing fear for the cow.

Improving stockperson skills is one way of ensuring tail damage doesn’t occur. This takes time, and sometimes the best people can only do so much with poor handling facilities, but broken tails never go away.

The tail tells a story

• 
• 

Tails of different animals have different functions- from balancing and gripping, to attracting mates, to showing happiness and communicating other emotions.

As with other animals, a cow's tail is an important signalling device that has purpose:

• During oestrus, the tail is slightly lifted. We also use the tailhead for heat detection aids such as tail paint and heat mount detectors.
• The tail physically lifts during urination and defecation 
• A common sign that a cow is going to calve is when she raises her tail like a flag and swishes it from side to side.
• The tail is used to swat flies or other irritations.
• Tails are lifted when calves and cows play or run.

Tail damage is not only painful, it can also impact how a cow communicates with her world.

What's in a tail?

The tail is made up of vertebrae and is an extension of the spine. There are about 18-20 vertebrae in a cow’s tail. Cows have about 207 bones in their body, so their tail makes up almost 10 percent of those bones.

What would you do if she didn’t have a tail?

It might be tempting to handle tails when restraining or moving cows, but it’s important to think about how cows might be feeling in these situations. Cows may be scared, sore, or nervous, and handling their tails creates the risk of injury. To minimise damage, there are several other things you can try before handling tails.

Scrum the cow with your back or shoulder to encourage her to move forward.

Change the environment

• Minimise anything that is scary for a cow like loud sounds, shadows, and blocked exits.
• Use food such as meal or molasses to entice her and create a positive experience.
• Bring in other settled animals. Cows like being with other cows - safety in numbers.

Restrain

• Crushes, vet races and head bales help keep stock handling safe and easy.
• Kick bars, if used properly and taken off when finished, can help prevent kicking.
• If possible, tying the cow’s leg down versus up is more natural to the cow and can reduce stress during restraint.

Scrum

• One or two people can use their shoulder or back to push up against the rump of the cow to encourage her to move forward.

Heifer training

Handling heifers before they calve and introducing them to the shed can reduce stress on animals and people, increase milk let down, and create a safer working environment. Time and patience are needed but it will pay off in the long run.

• Work calmly and gently- poor handling will increase heifers’ fear of people.
• Introduce them slowly over several days- leave them on the yard, open gates, turn machines on, etc.
• Use a feeding system if you have it to entice heifers and teach them there’s food in the shed.
• Use training gates to help push heifers up.
• Teat spray to get heifers used to the feeling and reduce mastitis.

See Training heifers.

Handling tails as a last resort

If you must handle tails, it’s important to do so in a way that does not cause pain or damage to the cow.

• Handle the tail in its natural range of motion - don’t put it in a position the cow wouldn’t herself.
• Hold the tail at the base to lift it and do not lift higher than spine height.
• Avoid grabbing, bending, or twisting the tail.

It's important to communicate your handling policies to your relief milkers, calf rearers, veterinarians, transporters, graziers, etc.

See the Dairy stockmanship page.

Safe handling

Stay aware of your surroundings - cows can be unpredictable. Stay behind kick rails when possible, avoid getting in the race with cattle, and always have an escape route planned.

Working with animals that aren’t behaving as you want them to can be stressful and frustrating. It’s important to make sure our emotions aren’t impacting on the way we care for our animals. As a team, it’s useful to work out where the risks are to make sure you’re not pushing to the point where people or animals get hurt. Develop strategies to avoid injuries such as:

• Allowing for breathers
• Swapping tired teammates out for fresh teammates
• Providing extra teammates for heifer training and first milkings
• Knowing when to pull the pin - does the job need to be done today?

Keeping tails intact

Shears and scissors are cheap and simple to use on small numbers.

Electric trimmers make trimming large numbers of tails quick and easy.

A regulation restricting any shortening or removal of tails came into effect from 1 October 2018. See the Animal welfare regulations page for more information.

Keep tail hair trimmed to prevent tails getting caught in equipment and to prevent the build up of muck which can lead to tail injuries. Switches can be trimmed using hand shears, scissors, or electric trimmers.

Avoid using tail tape as an identification tool- if the tape gets dirty and left on it can lead to tail damage.

Tail audits

Many farmers now get their vet to do a tail audit every season to monitor tail damage. It’s important to identify how and why any new tail damage occurs. Your farm team are the best group to identify where the challenges are to find solutions to avoid more injuries.

It’s a good idea to audit tails after changes in the farm team to create a benchmark to identify any handling issues. Having accurate records also allows you to track whether tail damage occurs on-farm or at off-farm grazing.

Caring for damaged

Regulations require any shortening of damaged tails to be carried out by a vet and pain relief given. If you see a damaged tail that needs shortening:

• Draft the cow out
• Call your vet
• Record the injury
• Discuss after care and pain relief with your vet
• Review the cause to prevent damage to other tails

See the Caring for damaged tails poster.

Tail breaking on farm

Reporting a potential tail breaking concern within your farm business can seem like a confronting step, but it shows you care about your animals, it protects your reputation, and it’s the right thing to do.

If you suspect you have an issue with tail breaking on farm, call MPI at 0800 00 83 33. An Animal Welfare Inspector will work with you to set up a tail assessment meeting during milking. They will let you know if there's anything you need to prepare before the visit. Records such as tail audits and stock handling policies and trainings may be useful. 

Investigations are carried out on a case by case basis. MPI may talk to everyone on your farm team. It’s important that MPI can get as much information as possible to make informed decisions to protect your animals.

If you would like to talk to a member of the DairyNZ Animal Care Team for a confidential chat about your situation, you can find your local animal care extension specialist here.

Tail breaking is a breach of the Animal Welfare Act and likely constitutes serious misconduct. Find out more about disciplinary procedures and investigating misconduct.